Introduction
Outdoor recreation has been increasingly popular throughout Europe in recent years. One of the reasons why so many people want to spend their spare time in forests is that they are regarded as one of the most appealing types of nature (Nivala, V. et al., 2008). However, there are significant variances in the proportion of Europeans who engage in and leisure activities. Inequalities in forest region accessibility and quality impact the leisure alternatives available to people in their immediate environs, both of which are impacted by the presence of forests (Ajzen, 2021). Because of cultural variations and the relative significance of forest leisure and tourism in each country, forest utilization differs greatly across Europe. This is because forest usage has cultural value. They are going out into nature when on vacation or in the city may help you de-stress and re-establish your positive view of life. These feelings may be found in a variety of forests. Even in a mostly artificial environment, humans may learn about nature and the processes that occur within it. This is especially true for youngsters exploring nature in all of its forms.
Recreational forests improve the surrounding region’s quality of life and work environments, and the advantages are reflected in property values. Regarding valuation approaches, public lands planning and management and geospatial information systems (GIS) have the potential to be incredibly strong analytical tools(Trivedi, 2016). This article presents an objective approach for assessing the forest ecosystem and several variables to consider when conducting long forest excursions using freely available data. The approach for a cross-border INTERREG research project study site demonstrates the relevance of the Forest, Health, and Tourism (FHT) policy. Furthermore, further primary survey data will be utilized to evaluate these conclusions.
Methodology
From the Data provided in the Questionnaire SPV File (accessible via the Downloads accordion panel), we are equipped to handle the Analysis of the appealing forest environment data and develop a model that will enable tourists to plan for longer forest trips. The report relies on SPSS as statistical software for multivariate Analysis to generate a frequency distribution table and calculate parameters such as the independent and dependent variables. Due to the large sample size, the report pointed out the independent variables from number 15(1, 2, 3) as follows; The forest should be as natural as possible without human intervention; the forest should appear as well kept and tidy as possible, the forest should be varied. The scale of measuring these dependent variables was filtered into five sub-groups for Analysis: Agree with completely-1, 2- partially agree, agree-3, disagree partially completely-4, 5- disagree completely. For the second part of the report applied bivariate analyses to conduct the association between the mentioned independent variables and the dependent variables in question number 16(1, 2, 3): Quick accessibility of the forest on foot or my bike, Quick accessibility of the forest by car, Quick accessibility of the forest by public transport. The scale of measuring these dependent variables was filtered into five subgroups as in the questionnaire: Very important -1, 2-much Important, 3 -important, 4-less important 5-not important.
In this part, the association hypothesis may be investigated using a Chi2 test, which can be created in SPSS and used to . When there is only the Chi2 value, it is also advised that you compute the correlation and Chi2 coefficient at a 95% confidence level. When a link is identified, it is evaluated and cited. When it came to portrayal, the report attempted to use a color scale that went from blue to green to purple to yellow to brown to differentiate the proportion of the variable in the majority from the percentage in the minority.
The data in this study will be analyzed using inferential statistics. Description analytics is a stepping-stone to a more in-depth study of the data. Are there any benefits to analyzing data in this manner? The first layer of information can be extracted from the data you currently have, with or without the addition of additional information (Allen, 2009). If you want to conclude from a bigger dataset, you’ll need to use inferential statistics. Inferential statistics, for example, may be used to infer the overall population’s opinions based on sample data. Analyzing and displaying data using SPSS and Excel helped researchers see a trend in the study results. A multivariate regression model was used to examine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The significance of the regression coefficients and the overall model was determined using Z- and F tests at a 5% significance level.
The Analysis of the appealing forest environment and planning for a longer trip in the forest
Table 1
F15 How do you personally think an appealing forest environment should look like? The forest should be as natural as possible without human intervention.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Agree completely 701 58.4 58.4 58.4
Agree partially completely 346 28.8 28.8 87.3
Agree 139 11.6 11.6 98.8
Disagree partially completely 11 .9 .9 99.8
Disagree completely 3 .3 .3 100.0
Total 1200 100.0 100.0
The data collection showed that 701 out of 1200 indicated that they agree with the fact that forest being made as natural as possible is one way the appealing forest environment should look and be like.
Table 2
F15 How do you personally think an appealing forest environment should look like? The forest should appear as well-kept and tidy as possible.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Agree completely 240 20.0 20.0 20.0
Agree partially completely 237 19.8 19.8 39.8
Agree 304 25.3 25.3 65.1
disagree partially completely 212 17.7 17.7 82.8
Disagree completely 207 17.3 17.3 100.0
Total 1200 100.0 100.0
The data collection showed that 65.1 % of the people agreed while 34.9% were in disagreement that the forest being well kept and tidy is one way the appealing forest environment should look and be like
Table 3
F15 How do you personally think an appealing forest environment should look like? The forest should be varied (species richness, color variety, height and age of the trees alternate, etc.).
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Agree completely 575 47.9 47.9 47.9
Agree partially completely 388 32.3 32.3 80.3
Agree 188 15.7 15.7 95.9
Disagree partially completely 35 2.9 2.9 98.8
Disagree completely 14 1.2 1.2 100.0
Total 1200 100.0 100.0
47.9% of the respondents agreed, while only 1.2 % were in disagreement with the fact that the forest being varied in terms of species richness, color variety, height, and age is one way the forest environment which is appealing should look and be like
Figure 1
According to Figure 1, more than 50% of the respondents agree that forest being made as natural as possible is one way the forest environment which is appealing should look and be like. Hence forest management should ensure the protection of the natural indigenous forests as many people consider them beautiful and appealing.
Figure 2
Figure 2 shows that the forest being well kept and tidy is not necessarily a huge factor to many as the percentages are evenly distributed across the population; however, there is still a huge percentage of those who agree that forests should be well kept and tidy; hence, this also has to be checked so that the forests remain attractive.
Figure 3
Figure 3 also shows that the outflow of forests’ beautiful sceneries is a result of the varied species in the forests. The recommendation is that the board of forests and tourism sector should ensure the diversification of various species is maintained at a high.
Table 4
F16 How important are the following aspects to you when planning a longer trip to a forest or wooded area? Quick accessibility to the forest on foot or by bike
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Very important 290 24.2 24.2 24.2
much important 369 30.8 30.8 54.9
Important 325 27.1 27.1 82.0
less important 112 9.3 9.3 91.3
Not important 104 8.7 8.7 100.0
Total 1200 100.0 100.0
984 out of 1200 respondents find quick accessibility to the forest by foot or bike important 30% of the 984 respondents finds it very important when determining or planning for a longer trip to the forests.
Table 5
F16 How important are the following aspects to you when planning a longer trip to a forest or wooded area? Quick accessibility to the forest by car
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Very important 132 11.0 11.0 11.0
much important 295 24.6 24.6 35.6
important 380 31.7 31.7 67.3
Less important 174 14.5 14.5 81.8
Not important 219 18.3 18.3 100.0
Total 1200 100.0 100.0
67.3%respondents find quick accessibility to the forest by car important, whereas only 11%of the total respondents find it very important when determining or planning a longer trip to the forests.
Table 6
F16 How important are the following aspects to you when planning a longer trip to a forest or wooded area? Quick accessibility of the forest by public transport
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Very important 167 13.9 13.9 13.9
Much important 244 20.3 20.3 34.3
Important 292 24.3 24.3 58.6
Less important 190 15.8 15.8 74.4
Not important 307 25.6 25.6 100.0
Total 1200 100.0 100.0
41.4% of respondents find quick accessibility of the forest by the public to be less important or not important, whereas only 13.9%of the total respondents find it to be very important when determining or planning for a longer trip to the forests.
Figure 4
It is worth noting in figure 4 that more than four-fifths of the respondents find quick accessibility by bike or foot important when deciding whether to plan for a longer stay in the forests. In addition, we tested if there is an association between quick accessibility by bike or foot to the forests when deciding whether to plan for a longer stay in the forests. Application of the Chi2 test showed a value of Pearson chi-square (227.571a) with a p-value of 0.000, which is less than 0.05; hence the test is significant, and therefore forests that have clear roads for use by bikes or foot will attract more tourists that wish to extend their stays in the forests.
Figure 5
Figure 5 shows that most people find accessibility by car just important, but very few find accessibility by car to the forest very important, as shown by only 11% of the respondents. Hence this is not a major concern to the tourists in planning their long stays, but that does not mean it is not important.
Figure 6
Figure 6 illustrates that more than a third of the respondents find the accessibility to forests by public transport less or less important when planning a longer stay in the forests. Moreover, most of the respondents are more focused on the accessibility of the forests by foot or bike.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Following the Analysis’s completion, the Interreg research team on Tourism and Forestry Board will focus on the parts of the board that require improvement. On the other hand, the majority of people who are willing to spend longer amounts of time in the forests are those who reach places that are easily accessible by foot or bicycle. Taking care of the forest’s natural vegetation and the scenery is an important aspect of maintaining the forest’s attractiveness as a tourist destination. According to the conclusions of this case study, we must conserve forests with a wide biological variety, both in terms of the many tree species that may be found there and other variables.
References
Ahtikoski, A., Tuulentie, S., Hallikainen, V., Tyrvnen, L., Nivala, V. et al. (2008) and forestry in Northern Finland socio-economic impacts of alternative strategies. Manuscript.
Ajzen, I. (2021). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50: 179211.
Anthon, S., Thorsen, B.J. and Helles, F., (2005) Urbanfringe afforestation projects and taxable hedonic values. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 3: 7991.
Axelsson-Lindgren, C. (2015) Forest aesthetics. In: M. Hytnen (ed.) Multiple-use Forestry in the Nordic Countries. MEET LA, the Finish Forest Research Institute, 279294.
Bishop, R.C., Boyle, K., Welsh, K., 2017. Glen Canyon Dam Releases and Downstream Recreation: an Analysis of User Preferences and Economic values. Glen Canyon Environmental Studies Report No. 27/87. Bureau of Reclamation. Washington DC.
Boxall, P., Englin, J., 2018. Fire and recreation values in fire-prone forests: exploring an intertemporal amenity function using pooled RP-SP data. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 33, 1933. California Secretary of State, 2000. Statement of Vote 2000 Primary Election. Available at: /http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/ sov/2000_primary/contents.htmS. Accessed March 2007
. Cameron, A., Trivedi, P., 2016. Econometric models based on count data: comparisons and applications of some estimators and tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics 1, 2954.
Duffield, J., 2012. The Value of Recreational Use of Kootenai Falls. Kootenai Falls Hydroelectric Project Final EIS. Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, Helena, MT. Eade, J.D.O.,
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Englin, J., Boxall, P., Watson, D., 2008. Modeling recreation demand in a Poisson system of equations: an analysis of the impact of international exchange rates. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 80 (2), 255263.
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