Equine Salmonella Infections (Salmonellosis): Background, Infections, Symptoms, and Treatments
The salmonella bacteria can be deadly to a wide array of mammals, and poses a life-threatening danger to humans and horses alike, as well as many other creatures in between. The protection of equine against the salmonella bacteria and the treatment of salmonella infections in horses when they do occur present unique challenges that require a comprehensive understanding of the infectious agent and the progression of the infection, as well as of course the treatment methods that can be used to combat salmonella infections. This paper attempts to provide this understanding in a brief overview of the salmonella bacteria itself, the methods of infection and symptoms of equine salmonellosis, and the methods for treating salmonella infections in horses when they occur.
Salmonella Background
Salmonella are common bacterial contaminant in the natural world, and thrive especially in decaying organic matter, including feces (EVSBC 2005). The organism ahs also evolved to many different host conditions, and the horse species is especially susceptible to many different stereotypes of the bacteria (Lane et al. 1992). All two thousand and two hundred forms of the gram-negative rods and non-spore forming bacteria are considered possible pathogens for adult horses (Reich & Langor 2005). Most horses carry at least one species of salmonella gastrointestinally, but overgrowth is prevented by competing bacteria (Johnson 2010).
Modes of Infection
Equine salmonella infections can occur in horses of any age, though foals are especially susceptible to infections during the birthing process, receiving the bacteria from the mare (EVSBC 2005). Adults will often not exhibit signs of illness, and death in these animals can be far more rapid because of the apparent lack of symptom presentation (EVSBC 2005). Manure is a common source for the spread of salmonella bacteria, especially as the bacteria resides in the gastrointestinal tract of most animals; manure can cause contamination in water, feeds, or pastures, leading most commonly to oral ingestion of the bacteria (EVSBC 2005; Lane et al. 1992). Because salmonella can survive for so long in the environment, outside of host animals, it can build up to levels more prone to causing infections if regular and through cleaning and management practices are not maintained (GPA 2010).
Though the salmonella bacteria exists in the gastrointestinal systems of nearly all animals, it is usually dormant and kept to levels that do not cause any adverse effects when horses have a healthy immune system (Johnson 2010). Stress can also be a major factor in the development of an equine salmonella infection; healthy horses that are free from other stressors can often ingest the bacteria without harm, whereas stress brought on by such things as extreme weather, prolonged transportation, or dehydration and hunger can increase the chance of an infection (Lane et al. 1992). When immune systems are otherwise weakened, either through stress, other disease factors, or simply youth, salmonella is most likely to strike.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms can range greatly in severity, and generally appear within one to three days of infection and persist for as little as a week, in mild cases, while killing horses within a matter of hours in others (EVSBC 2005). Heightened temperature (fever) is almost always apparent, and diarrhea is another nearly-universal symptom other possible symptoms of an equine salmonella infection include a loss of appetite, colic, depression, and in some instances certain ulcers and bloating (Johnson 2010; Lane et al. 1992). Most cases of salmonella present only some of these symptoms, rather than all of them, and most of the symptoms are located (as might be expected) along the gastrointestinal tract. Certain joint ailments and other disorders can occur form prolonged infection, however, and death is the likely result of many extreme cases of infection, or even untreated mild and moderate cases (GPA 2010).
Treatment
There are many different identified methods of treatment depending on the severity of the infection and how early it is caught. Isolation of infected horses and regular disinfecting of stalls with a variety of common cleansers while providing a stress free is environment is usually effective in early mild cases (Johnson 2010). In more severe cases, the replacement of fluids lost from diarrhea, often intravenously, and other symptoms can be treated to reduce stress, but resistance to antibiotics is common and the infections usually must be waited out rather than combated outright (Reich & Langor 2005; Lane et al. 1992).
The best treatment for salmonella infections, as for any disease, is to prevent infections from occurring in the first place inasmuch as is possible. This is accomplished largely through the isolation of infected horses; though infections generally run their course within seven to ten days, infected animals will continue shedding the bacteria for up to four months following an infection (Reich & Langor 2005). Preventative measures that can be taken to forestall an initial occurrence include covering horse food bins to prevent contamination of feed, ensuring adequate clean water supplies, general cleanliness including regular hand washing — especially when dealing with multiple horses, and the isolating of newly arrived horses for three weeks while monitoring their health (GPA 2010; Lane et al. 1992). With proper preventative measures, incidents of salmonella infections in adult horses are rare and easily treated, whereas improper facilities management can lead to epidemics that are more fatal and highly difficult to manage (Johnson 2010).
Conclusion
Salmonella infections in horses is a largely preventable occurrence, and given the potential for fatality when infections are allowed to become more prevalent and/or more virulent, it makes a great deal of practical and ethical sense to maintain cleanliness in order to avoid equine salmonellosis. Effective treatments for many types of the bacteria do exist, but the preventative measures that have been identified work for all strains, and help to promote general health as well.
References
Equine Veterinary Services and breeding Centre. (2005). “Salmonella infections and vaccinations.” Accessed 25 April 2010. http://www.equivetaustralia.com/vaccinations/salmonella.php
GPA. (2010). “Equine salmonellosis.” Accessed 25 April 2010. http://www.gopetsamerica.com/horse/diseases/salmonellosis.aspx
Johnson, P. (2010). “Salmonellosis in horses.” Accessed 25 April 2010. http://www.petplace.com/horses/salmonellosis-in-horses/page1.aspx
Lane, T.; Braun, R.; Madison, J.; Hawkins, D.; Brown, M. & Merritt, a. (1992). “Equine salmonella infection (Salmonellosis).” Accessed 25 April 2010. http://www.equivetaustralia.com/vaccinations/salmonella.php
Reich, B. & Langor, I. (2005). “Enteric Salmonellosis in Horses.” Accessed 25 April 2010. http://www.addl.purdue.edu/newsletters/2005/Winter/equine-es.htm
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
