Diversity and Organisms
Phylogeny is the patterns of lineage branching, produced by the true evolutionary history of the organisms being considered (UCMP Web site). Speciation is the changes in related organisms to the point where they are different enough to be considered separate species. This occurs when populations of one species are separated and adapt to their new physiological, geographic, or behavioral environment (Evolution Library Web site).
Plants have a reproductive cycle, which has an “alternation” between a haploid (n=one copy of each chromosome) gametophyte generation and a diploid (2n=two copies of each chromosome) sporophyte generation. The haploid gametophyte produces haploid gametes, which fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote grows by mitosis into the diploid multicellular sporophyte, in which meiosis occurs in special regions creating haploid spores. The spores disperse, germinate into haploid gametophytes starting the cycle anew (Kennesaw Web site).
As plants have evolved, the sporophyte has become dominant, and this is advantageous to evolution as crossing over of chromosomes results in genetic variability in offspring, which is often crucial to the survival of the species (Dreamscape Web site).
4. The common ancestor to all plants is a multicellular terrestrial green algae that lived almost 430 million years ago. The three characteristics common to gymnosperms and angiosperms are: cell walls with cellulose; development of a plate during cell division; and, during reproduction, the sporophyte phase is dominant (The World of Biology Web site).
5. The two main characteristics are that they are vascular and seed bearing.
6. In plant evolution one of the major steps was the transition from an aquatic to terrestrial environment. The earliest were seedless vascular plants. Then developed the various angiosperms and gymnosperms, which had vascular system, roots, leaves, and stems, as well as seeds. The earliest land plants needed water for reproduction as the sperm had to swim to fertilize the egg. Successful land plants developed spores and seeds that protected the sperm and egg from drying out. The advanced plants had a seed within a seed coat, which contained food for the developing embryo. By using in reproduction “alternating generations,” plants have ensured genetic recombination. (The World of Biology Web site).
7. During evolution, animals separated into two lineages: protostomes and deuterostomes. The basic differences are: the protostomes have spiral, determinate cleavage while the deuterostomes have radial, indeterminate cleavage. The blastopore forms the mouth in protostomes while it forms the anus in deuterostomes. The protostomes have a schizocoelous coelom formation while the deuterostomes have enterocoelous coelom. Protostomes are animals that have a dorsal (back) heart and a ventral nerve cord. They like deuterostomes are bilaterally symmetrical animals. The deuterostomes have a ventral heart and a dorsal (back) nerve cord, spinal and brain (UTM Web site).
Enterocoelous development of the coelom occurs in deuterostomes. The mesoderm, and coelom, initially develops as pouches off the primitive digestive tract (the archenteron).
Schizocoelous development of the coelom occurs in protostomes. The mesoderm, and coelom, initially develops from a solid block of mesoderm tissue that develops a split down the middle (UTM Web site).
8. Determinate cleavage is characteristic of protostomes, where after the initial cell division, the resulting daughter cells can only develop into specific tissues, not the whole organism. Indeterminate cleavage is characteristics of deuterostomes, where after the initial cell division each resulting daughter cell has the potential to develop into an entire organism (UTM Web site).
9. The two characteristics are the body plan is a tube within a tube and the symmetry is bilateral with cephalisation. (South Dakota State University Web site).
10. Kingdom Animalia is one of four kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya, distinct from the other three kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, and Protista. Animalia are multicellular, while most Protista (excepting the multicellular algae, which are plant-like) are unicellular. Heterotrophism separates the animals and fungi from plants, and the lack of cell walls in animal cells makes them distinct from fungi. Animals also possess several other unique features: interior digestion of food; possession of a digestive tract where hydrolytic enzymes are secreted; special cell junctions in their tissues; a life cycle as diploid cells, with the exception of haploid gametes (Stowell Friend’s School Web site).
Bibliography
Alternation of Generations.” Kennesaw Web site. URL:
http://science.kennesaw.edu/biophys/biodiversity/plants/plaltgen2.htm
The Animal Kingdom.” Chapters 20 & 21. The South Dakota State University Web site. URL: http://biomicro.sdstate.edu/Hutchesh/bio101/Text/Chapt20.htm
Determinate and Indeterminate cleavage.” UTM Web site. URL:
http://www.utm.edu/~rirwin/detindetcleave.htm
Enterocoelous vs. schizocoelous development of the coelom.” UTM Web site. URL: http://www.utm.edu/~rirwin/enteroschizo.htm
Glossary. Evolution Library Web site. URL:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/glossary/glossary.html
Plant Reproduction.” Dreamscape Web site. URL:
http://www.dreamscape.com/biology/ApWeb/plantrepro/plantrepro.html
Plant Evolution and Classification.” The World of Biology Web site. URL:
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/plant.html
Kingdom Animalia.” The Stowell Friend’s School Web site. URL:
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Animalia/
UCMP Glossary of Natural History Terms, Volume 1, Phylogenetics Terms.” UCMP Web site. URL:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss1phylo.htm
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