Moral Judgement of a Child
Background
According to Hamlin (2007), young children of 8 months old would prefer a failed helper to a failed hinderer. This can be summarised that the children can be able to make a moral decision with consideration of intention and outcome. Other researchers have attempted to research further on the work of Hamlin. The researchers includeSalvadori et al. (2015). They, however, failed to come up with findings from which could be compared with the findings of Hamlin and Wynn (2011). The failed results were due to the overestimation of the original research and the discrepancies in the populations.
According to Hamlin and Wynn (2011)infants, mental states are incorporated into their third-party social evaluations, and this can be evaluated with the help of puppets who try but fail to help or hinder another’s goal. The study involved infants watching a puppet show where the protagonist was wearing a yellow shirt. The protagonist, who was at the center stage, was showing the intention to open a box that had a toy inside (Ruffman et al., 2012). The other two additional puppets showed the plan to help the protagonist to achieve his goal of opening the box, or they could also indicate a contrary intention whereby they could decide to slam the box and shut it. They were two pigs; one had worn a blue shirt and the other one a green shirt.This can be well-elaborated that helpers would be willing to help the protagonist open the box while hinders would do every to prevent the protagonists open the box. The event ended with results that indicated that the helpers were successful while the hinderers were unsuccessful.In the circumstances, the puppet’s intentions and outcomes of the successful protagonists were of the same valence, while the plans and results of unsuccessful protagonists were of opposite valence.
The research indicated that eight months old infants preferred unsuccessful helper to an unsuccessful hinderer. On the other hand, 5-year-old children preferred to make their preference based on the final results of the events, that is, the opening of the box and also, it’s closure.According to Hamlin (2007), five-year-old was able to make decisions based on the outcome of results, while 8-year-old infants were capable of making the decision, and they were able to understand intention and outcome as distinct. Several studies have questioned these findings; an example is replications by Salvadori (2013), who have questioned the findings. The researcher has allowed for several changes, like the participant’s age from 12-16 months old to 3-5 years old.
Hypothesis
The study used the assumption that infants would prefer good intentions to bad intentions. When we take specific cases, children in situations, oneis suggested to choose a successful helper who helps the protagonist open the box. This indicates that the children would prefer the puppets that successful helper to unsuccessful hinderers in the second scenario the infants are supposed to choose the pigs who unsuccessful help the protagonists open the box. Therefore, they would select unsuccessful helpers over successful hinderer.
Methods
Statistical methods of analysis were used to determine whether the infants could evaluate others based on third party actions regarding the intention by eight months of age and five months of age. Statistical analysis was conducted, and the results indicated that the infant’s socialevaluations are sensitive to intention. The results showed infants’ choices as follows; where p<.05.
The other experiment results which involved adults as per the participants are as follows.
The SPSS statistical analysis shows that the p-value is less than.05; this can be concluded that the given variables are not independent of each other, but there exists a relationship,that
is statistical between the variables.
| Chi-Square Tests | |||||
| Value | df | Asymptotic significance 2-sided | Exact Sig. ( 2-sided | Exact Sig 1-sided | |
| Pearson Chi-Square | 6.72 | 1 | 0.01 | ||
| Continuity Correction | 4.96 | 1 | 0.026 | ||
| Likelihood Ratio | 7.03 | 1 | 0.008 | ||
| Fishers Exact Test | 0.14 | 0.12 | |||
| Linear by Linear Association | 6.49 | 1 | 0.011 | ||
The results suggested that the five months old infants had severe challenges when it comes to the processing of conflicting information. On the other hand, when the results were replicated using adults, the results showed that adults consistently viewed events as infants previously did. According to the analyzed results, adults preferred intentions that were positively intended. They, therefore, revealed liking intentions to the pigs that tried to help the protagonist either successful or unsuccessful. Thus, the research brought out a precise study indicating the moral judgment outcome of infants.
References
Hamlin, J. K., & Wynn, K. (2011). Young infants prefer prosocial to antisocial others.Cognitive Development, 26, 30–39.
Hamlin, J. K., Ullman, T., Tenenbaum, J., Goodman, N., & Baker, C. (2013). The mentalistic basis of core social cognition: Experiments with preverbal infants and a computational model.Developmental Science, 16, 209–226.
Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2007). Social evaluation by preverbal infants.Nature, 450, 557–559.
Ruffman, T., Taumoepeau, M., & Perkins, C. (2012). Statistical learning asa basis for social understanding in children.British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30, 87–104.
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