Before the Second World War, the Czechoslovak communalism form of government in which the leadership of the nation was under the control of a few individuals. Many people were left out in running the government. The ruling elites failed to implement essential laws governing human rights. People who opposed the dictatorship rule of the government faced a lot of threats, and some lost their job. The communalism violated human rights and supported those close to the ruling group. The distinction between the loyal class and the ordinary citizen widens. As a result, people came together to address the oppressive leadership of the regime government. Some of the signatories who filed a petition against the government had their driving licenses revoked and ended up imprisoned.
The birth of Czechoslovak Socialists was mainly due to the violation of human rights in various ways. Therefore, a group of signatories led by Professor Dr. Jan Patocka gathered the opinion of the people and made a publication to address the state of the government and its violation of human rights. Some of the issues discussed included: the denial o freedom of expression articulated in article 19 of the covenant. Many people were denied access to their firms because of differing views from the state officials. In such a scenario, many people remained in weak states and had to rely on a few officials to have access to what rightfully belongs to them. Such violation affected the economy of the nation leading to food insecurity hence poor living standards. Consequently, some people lost their jobs for questioning how the government conducted its responsibility. The communalism system significantly undermined democracy rendering the nation to be ruled by just a few individuals at the expense of thousands of citizens.
The government violated Article 13 of the second covenant, which gave provision free access to education. Many young people were denied access to school due to their varying opinion or those for their parents. Such a violation of human rights causes disharmony between the government and the citizen. The ban of receiving or getting any form of information on the performance of the government stimulated people to condemn the operation of the government since access to such information was recognize unlawful and could lead to detention.
After the transition from communalism to socialism, the government retained some of the oppressive traits in the previous regime, such as limiting freedom of expression, access to education, among others (Bren, 2013). As a result, in 1975, the dissenting group petitioned the government to honor its laws and international laws, such as the Helsinki Accords, to protect the rights of all people.
Collective Behavior
Collective behavior is a form of expression in which a group of people voluntarily come together to accomplish. The activity may be voluntary or involuntary, but all aim at achieving specific objectives (Perc & Grigolini, 2013). No particular rules and guidelines are governing the operation of the group. For instance, a group of workers may converge at the bus stop to board the bus back home. In such a situation, no one has instructed them to get to the bus station, but they have found themselves emerging at and finally heading in the same direction. Certain conditions may trigger collective behavior without participant awareness. For instance, converging at a given place may become a norm, and with time one finds he or she inclined with that particular place without his or her notice. In such a scenario, nature naturally determines the activities people enjoy.
Smelser had varied opinions on the determinant of collective behavior from other people. in the book, theory of collective action, he has identified several scenarios in which determinant of collective behavior applies. For instance, structural conducive as a determinant of collective behavior involves a collective of social conditions that determine the behavior of people within a given environment. The financial constrain experienced in Los Angel has become a common phenomenon. The people living in the area believe that the amount of income they get is insufficient to meet their needs effectively. As a result, the situation has become a social challenge among the people living in that region. The panic that people experience is environmentally motivated because not all people have some income and identical needs. Still, because of staying in the same area, they feel they have the same burden. Social status contributes to the behavior pattern of the individual within a given geographical location.
Smelser correlates the determinant of structural strain to a situation in which financial assets become vulnerable to prevailing conditions that destabilize operations of the business. The fear of losing valuable assets contributes to the development of structural strain among the business partners, which may affect other vital players in the field. The determinant of growth and spread of generalized belief aims at analyzing the current situation and making meaningful interpretations before making the necessary adjustment. Before adopting any action to the current location, the stakeholder examines the structural strain on available resources and takes appropriate action on the intended decision. For instance, after drafting the charter 77 of the dissenting views on the governance Czechoslovak, the dissenting people had to identify the cause of the challenge people faced; they had analyzed the situation to ensure the same scenario does not happen again.
The interaction between dissenters and the public had to be made clear for the people to understand the meaning of the movement entirely. The determinant of growth and generalized belief helped people to organize themselves decently, irrespective of threats from the government.failure of the government to honor its mandate on protecting the rights of people resulted in people coming together to fight for their reasons. Understanding Smelser’s six determinants much helped the dissenting people to push for their list of reformation within the government. Through combined efforts and a shared interest in promoting freedom among people, their grievances to be heard. The communalism oppressive regime agreed to hold talks and find a solution to the challenges. The unity based on the common interest of the people plays an integral role in achieving the objectives and having a better society. Social interaction provides a solution on how things should be done together without leaving any group out. Through groups, people get to understand and value the opinion of others, which enhances understanding and promoting peace within the society hence having a common interest to achieve.
Analyzing Havel discourse using the determinant of dissemination of generalized belief
Before the introduction of the socialism system in Czechoslovak, the country had a communalism system of governance. The communalism disregarded and violated several human rights denying people freedom from speech, association, and access to education, among other privileges outlined in the covenant. People resolved to change the system of governance from communalism to socialism to address the problems. The ruling elites who benefitted from the system wanted to retain the status quo to continue oppressing citizens. However, as time elapsed, the social interaction and shared ideology resulted in close evaluation of the governance. They realized the need to change the situation to allow a more free system that could accommodate all people and offer services without discrimination (Connelly, 2013). The dissemination of generalized belief guided the dissenting group to come together and critically analyze the prevailing condition to have a better system that was more accommodative to all people.
Through engaging with the system, people discovered some of the problems associated with the socialism regime, which required change. Some of these problems included: the dictatorship of the government which hindered people from expressing their opinion. The dictatorship regime involves few individuals controlling the economic growth of the state. In the case of Czechoslovak, the ruling elites alienated themselves from society, making access to the system impractical. The regime affected the economy of the nation since people could not access the necessary services to run their business as expected. The dissenting group was seen as opposition to the government, which was not the case; they were expressing their dissatisfaction with the governance. The term opposition could not apply in the scenario since the dissenters were not involved in running the government. Still, through the generalized belief of having common interest to achieve, they came together to force the government to implement the human right bill.
The socialist system in Czechoslovak evolved
post-totalitarian which aimed at maintaining conformity, discipline, and uniformity to the existing regime without considering other means of addressing issues affecting citizens. The aim of post-totalitarian contracts the objectives of life, which focus on diversity, self-organization, and self-constitution, which empowers people to be independent and make a firm decision. The system is rigid and does not allow people to explore hence forcing them to ever serve the order at the expense of empowering people to maximize available opportunity. As a result, the system hinders economic growth and innovation from the citizen. Such a system is associated with dictatorship on which only people who support the system get the opportunity to express their views. For dissenters to effectively involve the government in addressing their opinions, it is necessary to support the initiative of the regime so that they can get access then later engage the government in addressing the issues affecting citizens. For instance, advocating for the all-inclusive government in which various ideas get incorporated greatly influences the system to accept the opinions of dissenters. Such a strategy plays a critical role in an engaging dictatorship regime to understand the problems of citizens.
The socialist system of governance does not support unity among people. The system uses a divide and rule strategy to remain in power. The plan works since people are not able to come together and raise their concerns as a group. And therefore, the few individuals who come to protest against the government get portrayed as enemies of the government. The system brainwashes people making them believe that failure to support the ideology of the government means you are opposing the regime and against the interest of people. For instance, when the manager of the fruit and vegetable shop encouraged workers to unite for the common benefit of workers, many people doubted the message. Many shop owners never placed the slogan of unity in their shop but never understood the message it portrayed. Many people just put the poster on their shop as a symbol of loyalty but never minded the intention of the information. Failure to interpret the information on the sign benefitted the system since people could not quickly unite to question the government on how it conducts itself.
For the resistance to be meaningful, the dissenters needed to offer some civic education to enlighten the public on the significance of unity among the citizens. Once people are united, they share their challenges and look for the ideal solution to tackle them more effectively. For instance, an organized group can easily organize secret public education awareness to educate and enlighten the public on the evil doings of the government. Through such exercise, people make the rightful decision on handling their challenges and presenting them to the authority for appropriate action to be taken. When people are united, it becomes straightforward to air their problems to the oppressing regime. Unity plays an instrumental role in getting justice. The use of posters in shops and apartments calling for unity among workers was an excellent strategy to mobilizing people to understand their full potential in airing their opinion. Since the majority of people go shopping, emphasizing the significance of unity at the shopping places was a brilliant idea of passing information on the importance of agreement which could see the government respecting human rights in the society.
Different forms of governments have challenges that call for the public to keep watch. The socialist system which people believe was perfect in comparison with communalism did not meet the expectation of people of freedom. The collective behavior helps people to have a common interest in achieving their mission irrespective of their differences. For instance, the determinant of growth and general belief bring people together to share their ideas and look for an appropriate solution to their challenges by incorporating all the factors in handling the matter. Unity among people is of importance in pushing the government to carry out their mandate as stipulated in the agreement document governing the rule of law.
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