the United States in the year 1816

The history of the United States in the year 1816

Introduction

The year 1816 has a lot of historical occurrences. However, it is most well known for the first year that a Federalist Party candidate ran for the presidential elections. The federalist lost badly in that year.[1]In this research paper, several sources will be discussed regarding the political occurrences that took place in 1816 and how they fit into the evolutionary context as well as their impact on the early American political parties and law. In 1816, James Monroe won the presidential election against rather weak opposition. The federalists were determined to win the elections and change the reign of presidents from Virginia.

This was because the previous presidents came from Virginia apart from President John Adams. Monroe was famous because he was among the first founders of the Democratic-Republican Party.[2] Monroe was the favorite candidate of both the former and the outgoing presidents. But even then, some of the dissenters from Monroe’s party were still against his appointment.

From history, some things raised concerns just as they would in the current politics. For instance, even in 1816 in US history, tax machinery was used for purposes other than tax. Over the years, it was impossible to separate the matters affecting revenues from current history. Before 1816, all the discussions on revenue were highly influenced by foreign intercourse and external policies. The role of revenue laws was affected by both the actions of France and England.[3] The Versailles Treaty did not make the Americans free people because England was not ready to let go of America neither leave the country soon as it was the British colonial tradition and policy.

The United States of America was the first to demand radical modification and to deny the colonial systems claims. In 1816, just after the House of representatives was formed, there were concerns on the ways and means that would be used to engage and attract the Congress’s attention.[4] During that period, it was assumed that indirect taxation was supposed to be acceptable and imposed as the government’s primary source of revenue. After this plan was proposed, it caught the attention of the House from April 8th to May 17^th, 1816.After a bill was formulated and forwarded to the Senate. The Senate amended the bill, and then it was re-amended by the conference committee. Finally, the bill was approved by the president on July 4th, 1789 becoming the first revenue act to be passed by the new government.

The approved bill contained free lists that guided on the payment of duties and taxes on all exported goods and favored all the goods that were imported using American made or built vessels. The act covered a wide range of commodities such as spirits, wines, beers, molasses, sugars, boots, cheese, shoe silk, and cotton, among many other goods.[5]

In the first seven years of America’s existence as a nation, the loan receipts and treasury notes added up to almost twenty million dollars.[6] These amounts might seem insignificant today, but in those years, they were quite a lot. There was recorded a deficit in income between 1789 and 1799, which was mostly caused by policies and not poverty.[7] Back then, the only revenue sources that were controlled by the government were; public lands for sale, bank stocks, loans, postage services, and treasury notes. Up until 1816, the revenue did not amount to too much. When the revenue laws were formulated and established, the process became smooth and easily implementable.

In the year 1816, Insurgents were allowed to divide the ruling class members. In the same year, there were divisions among the white people in America.[8] When the slaves planned for the revolt in 1816, it is a possibility that the rebellion leaders were aware of the political differences among the white population and the divisions on the ruling class. They might have also noticed the metropolitan link and colonial disruptions that they decided to use to their advantage. The divisions that occurred during that period inspired the development and establishment of many allies with rebellion leaders taking advantage of both the local and international divisions.

In this time, Anguilla Caribbean befriended the slaves, and part of the Anguilla whites was supporting the need for the slaves to be freed and be accorded civil rights. This made it even easier for rebellions to take place. According to David Lambert, the Easter Sunday of April 14th, 1816, did not end in the usual way. In the evening, at around 8:00 pm, Barbados’s most massive revolt was started. The cane plantations located in St Philip’s field were set on fire. The revolution was being carried out by the enslaved population in Barbados.

The elite members of the enslaved population were the ones in charge of the rebellions. Some of them were drivers, skilled mechanics, and rangers. They collaborated with some people of color who were free to plan and execute the revolution.[9] The revolt started at Bayleys plantation and then spread out to the central and southern parishes, with time, they had spread to almost half of the Island. During the revolt, arson tactics were used to signal the revolt outbreak and damage the planters’ economic base by burning down and destroying like a fifth of all the sugar cane fields.

Very early the next day (Monday) Martial law was announced, and the imperial and militia troops were mobilized. On the same day at around midday, the major action was launched; between rebels and the militia battalion from the Christ Church. The second engagement occurred on Tuesday, April 16th, morning at the Bayleys fields. This involved the First West India Regiment, black imperial troops. Although it is unclear, it is most likely that the African slave man leading the rebels was killed during this attack.

The major clashes broke the armed resistance. The uprising was put to an end by Wednesday midday. Nevertheless, martial law was not lifted immediately; it remained active until July 12^th meaning it was active for like eighty-nine days. During this period, the number of rebels that were killed was relatively high. David Lambert recorded that there were different accounts with different information in regards to how many slaves were killed during and after that 1816 revolt. One account claimed that seventy slaves were executed after the revolution, while fifty were killed during the revolts, and 144 more were executed later on.

Another account claimed that the slaves that were killed in this period ranged from 400 to 1000 and that only two imperial black soldiers and one white militia were killed. There were some old white civilians who died, and their death was associated with the distress caused by the rebellion. The 1816 revolution was steered by the enslaved people who were rebelling and fighting to find their origins.[10] The Barbados people were fighting against being marginalized and wanted to be supported by white people in fighting for their freedom. The slaves did not like how Barbados was being referred to as Little England and did not like the white identity.[11]

Interpretation of the 1816 Rebellion

From the history written about the 1816 rebellion, one might get the wrong interpretation. This is because, for example, women are not mentioned anywhere. That does not mean that women were not involved in the revolts, although they might have played lesser masculine roles. The revolutions were a way of the slaves to show that they were not okay with being slaves and servants to the whites. Some historians made it look like the slaves were totally comfortable and happy with being slaves and subjects. But to the contrary, the many revolts that were organized by the enslaved people were to express their displeasure with being slaves and unnoticed and subjects to the whites.

The revolt became an important part of Barbadian history in the 1970s. Most revolts were unsuccessful in bringing an end to slavery. But the slaves did not give up. They kept revolting and fighting for their freedom. Scholars sought to link the revolts in Barbados in 1816 to those in Demerara and Jamaica in 1823 and 1831-1832, respectively.[12] Slaves played a significant role in creating American culture. This is because the enslaved people did not extend their original cultures only, but they were involved in a transcultural process that was broader. The slaves played a significant role in white identities realization.

Although the 1816 revolt was the largest in Barbados, it does not mean that there were no prior revolts. As a matter of fact, in 1649 and 1701, there were local plots while in 1675 and 1692, there were conspiracies across the entire Island which were abandoned upon discovery. The 1816 revolt created a momentous crisis that had not been witnessed in over a hundred years. The revolt entered the record books as one of the most improbable, destructive, and violent of all the Anglo-American revolts in the 19^th Century.[13] This revolt was the first one to happen in the British West Indies that really affected the slaveholders in this region. Although the revolt did not affect Britain as much as the Demerara and Jamaica revolts did, it led to the ban of emancipation as the government’s immediate policy.

The main agenda of the revolution was to fight for freedom and civil rights. However, some historians believed that the slaves had a plan to deliberately kill their masters, while others claimed that the slaves were rebelling against a registry bill that had been sponsored in 1815, which apparently was seen as a threat to safety and peace of the colonies. Some interpreted the revolution as a movement by the slaves to take whatever was denied to them by the law through war. There were different views as to why the Barbadians revolved. The abolitionists accused the slaves of being gross and inhuman. All the revolts that followed demonstrated that the slaves had no intentions of killing people, just like the Barbados revolution.

It can be seen that over the years, the slaved tried to rebel without killing their masters. But even so, the colonists would brutally attack them while suppressing the revolutions, and many slaves would be killed during the clashes on the fields. In addition, more slaves would be executed after being captured during the attacks.[14] The revolutions were blamed on the anti-slavery acts that were happening in Britain.The enslaved Africans started to resist saves right from the day they were captured. The resistance happened in many forms such, the Africans communicating in their native languages in the absence of their master, Performing African traditional rituals such as drumming, the slaves running away, poisoning their owners, destroying machinery and tools on purpose and pretending to be ill so as to avoid working.

There are Africans who showed their resistance by rebelling. The most African successful rebellion occurred in the year 1791 in Haiti. The enslaved population chased out the French and British that had dominated the place, and they set up a black republic, which was the first in that time.[15] The African runaways in Jamaica settled in the mountains and operated from here to fight the British and try to free the other slaves. In Barbados, the slave rebellions seemed to be less threatening as compared to the other Caribbean islands. The slaves here had a hard time during their revolutions because they had limited hiding places. The police force was well-armed.

Politically, in 1816, when Monroe took over the office of the president after winning in the elections, there was an awakening and anunderstanding of just how much the US needed a strong federal role to develop the basic infrastructures across the country. This era was referred to as the Era of Good Feelings and did not last for a decade. It was a one-party era. In the 1820s, politics in the US started taking a different style, and the main keys established during that time still apply up to date in American politics. The parties formed in the 1820s and 1830s represented the interests of specific economic class or region.

Conclusion

The year 1816 was a busy one filled with slave revolutions and political changes. The year saw the slave continue their fight for freedom from the British and French several times to no success. Also, Monroe faced competition in the presidential run from the opponent’s one that he hadn’t expected. He, however, won the elections and ascended office. In-office he introduced a one-party era that did not last for long. In the following years, the American political sector experienced changes, and the parties would be formed based on the regions or the economic classes. Even up to date, the American political parties are based on economic growth and infrastructure. Finally, the history of America is rich and diverse because it covers people from all walks of life, and the politics try to cover all the people and strive to improve the economy and infrastructures all across the states.

Bibliography

Adams, H.C., 1884. Taxation in the United States 1789-1816 (No. 5-6). N. Murray, publication agent, Johns Hopkins University (63-69)

Beckles, Hilary McD. “THE SLAVE-DRIVERS’WAR: BUSSA AND THE 1816 BARBADOS SLAVE REBELLION.” Boletín de EstudiosLatinoamericanos y del Caribe 39 (1985): 85-110.

Ha, Kevin. “The Ironic Evolution of America’s Two-Party System.”

Lambert, David. White Creole culture, politics, and identity during the age of abolition.Vol. 38.Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Matthews, Gelien. Caribbean Slave Revolts and the British Abolitionist Movement. LSU Press, 2006

Lockard, Craig A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History. Cengage Learning, 2020.

Van der Linden, Marcel. Humanitarian intervention and changing labor relations: the long-term consequences of the abolition of the slave trade. Brill, 2010.

[1]Ha, Kevin. “The Ironic Evolution of America’s Two-Party System.”

[2] Ibid.,

[3]Adams, H.C., 1884. Taxation in the United States 1789-1816 (No. 5-6). N. Murray, publication agent, Johns Hopkins University.

[4]Ibids., 267-268

[5]Ibids., 6-7

[6]Adams, H.C., 1884. Taxation in the United States 1789-1816 (No. 5-6). N. Murray, publication agent, Johns Hopkins University (63-69)

[7]Ibids., 63

[8]Lambert, David. White Creole culture, politics, and identity during the age of abolition.Vol. 38.Cambridge University Press, 2005.

[9]Lockard, Craig A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History. Cengage Learning, 2020.

[10]Beckles, Hilary McD. “THE SLAVE-DRIVERS’WAR: BUSSA AND THE 1816 BARBADOS SLAVE REBELLION.” Boletín de EstudiosLatinoamericanos y del Caribe 39 (1985): 85-110.

[11]Lambert, David. “Producing/contesting whiteness: rebellion, anti-slavery, and enslavement in Barbados, 1816.”Geoforum 36, no. 1 (2005): 29-43.

[12]Lambert, David. White Creole culture, politics, and identity during the age of abolition.Vol. 38.Cambridge University Press, 2005.

[13]Lockard, Craig A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History. Cengage Learning, 2020.

[14]Van der Linden, Marcel. Humanitarian intervention and changing labor relations: the long-term consequences of the abolition of the slave trade. Brill, 2010.

[15]Matthews, Gelien. Caribbean Slave Revolts and the British Abolitionist Movement.LSU Press, 2006.

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