Viability of Community Sports Programs
There has been raging debate on whether or not sports projects are wise municipal investments. Experts have raised concern that although such programs may appear very attractive at face value, they end up delivering very little returns in the long-term owing to the incremental nature of the associated hidden costs. This has prompted researchers to shift from studying the benefits of community sport projects as tools of investment to analyzing how the benefits of such investment compare with the costs. The research questions below have been derived from multiple studies seeking to establish the economic impact of community sporting programs on the overall economy by comparing the real costs and benefits of the same.
RQ1: Do sporting projects help in tackling the problem of youth crimes?
In this case, we can define sports projects, the independent variable, in terms of the proportion of the budget set aside for sporting activities by a municipality, city, or state. Youth crimes, the dependent variable, on the other hand, can be defined in terms of the proportion of criminal activities in a city or state committed by persons under the age of 35. Both variables are quantitative, continuous, interval variables (Black, 2011). For instance, we can measure the budgetary allocation to sporting activities using such values as — less than 1/4 of the total budget, between 1/4 and 1/2, between 1/2 and ae, and more than ae. Moreover, we could measure the level of youth crime in terms of ‘less than 1/4 of the total criminal cases reported’, ‘between 1/4 and 1/2 of total criminal cases’ and so on.
RQ2: Do sporting activities have an impact on society’s welfare?
Engagement in sporting activities is the independent variable, and it will be defined as in RQ1 above — a quantitative, continuous, interval variable. Welfare, on the other hand, can be defined in terms of the level of security, the city’s reputation, the availability of social amenities and so on. We could, for instance, compare the reputations (in terms of security) of several cities with different levels of engagement in sporting activities, and then provide a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response based on our observations, in which case we will have measured the welfare variable as a categorical, dichotomous variable (Huck, 2010; Black, 2011).
RQ3: How does engagement in sports projects impact on drug use and abuse among the youth?
In this case, we can define ‘drug use and abuse’ (the dependent variable) in terms of the annual rates of drug use by persons under the age of 35 within a city, municipality, or state, in which case we would measure it as an i) continuous variable, given that it is possible to have a rate of 35.5%, and ii) a quasi-interval variable measured by attaching numerical value to ten data categories ranging from 0-10% to 90%-100% prevalence rate.
RQ4: How does engagement in community sports predict an individual’s overall well-being?
Engagement in community sports can be defined in terms of the amount of time a person spends taking part in sporting activities, say football, rugby, swimming, basketball, and so on; whereas social well-being can be defined in terms of how people perceive their overall mental and physical health. Responses for the ‘engagement in community sports’ variable could be given in terms of hours, whereas those for the ‘perception well-being’ variable could range from ‘very highly’ to ‘very low’. This means that the independent variable would be measured as a continuous, interval variable because the distance between any two values on the continuum is equal; whereas the dependent variable will be measured as a continuous, quasi-interval variable as the distance between any two data categories may not necessarily be equal.
RQ5: How do sporting projects increase job creation?
The independent variable (sporting projects) will be measured as outlined in RQ1 above. Job creation, the dependent variable, on the other hand, will be defined in terms of the rate of unemployment, where lower rates will be taken to represent more positive values. In this regard, the dependent variable will be measured as a quantitative, interval variable because the distance between any two rates, say 30% and 40% is exactly equal to that between 40% and 50%.
RQ6: How do sporting activities contribute to economic development?
Sporting activities, the independent variable, will be defined and measured as in RQ1 above — as a continuous, interval variable. Economic development, on the other hand, will be defined in terms of the people’s living standards, the availability of social amenities, the levels of literacy, and so on. These could be categorized as ‘very good’, ‘okay’ and ‘not very good’. We can rank the categories from the most positive, ‘very good’ to the least positive, ‘not very good,’ but we cannot attach values to the same. Hence, the dependent variable would be measured as a qualitative, ordinal variable.
RQ7: What impact do sports projects have on cities and economies in general?
The definition and measurement of the ‘sports project’ variable used in RQ1 above will be retained. However, the ‘cities and economies’ variable will be defined in terms of the city’s reputation, and its growth indicators. Indicators of growth would include the availability of social amenities, the level of poverty, peoples’ living standards, educational level, and so on. We can only assess these indicators independently and we cannot attach numerical value and rank to the same. The variable stands as a qualitative, nominal variable as there is no numerical value between the identified indicators (there is only a nominal difference).
RQ8: How valuable are sporting activities as a means of stimulating spin-off development?
Like in RQ7, the independent variable, ‘sporting activities’ will be measured as a continuous, interval variable. Spin-off development, on the other hand, will be measured as a discrete, nominal variable using such levels of measurements as businesses created by individual entrepreneurs within stadia environs and money generated by professional sports teams. Only nominal differences exist between the different levels, and neither can be ranked as being more valuable than the other.
RQ9: What effect does a city’s sporting project have on consumer spending?
Consumer spending, in this case will be defined as the proportion of one’s income that goes into the purchase of consumer goods and services. Both the independent variable (sporting projects) and the dependent variable (consumer spending) are quantitative and continuous variables because they are both proportions of a greater part of something. Moreover, both are interval variables, meaning that the distance and value between any two values would be equal if the values were to be measured on a continuum (Johnson & Kuby, 2011).
RQ10: What is the effect of sporting activities on community visibility?
Community visibility can be defined in terms of various nominal levels including the community or municipality’s reputation in regard to security, youth employment, poverty levels, and so on. As such, the community visibility variable will be measured as a qualitative, nominal variable.
References
Black, K. (2011). Business Statistics: For Contemporary Decision-Making (7th ed.). Danvers, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
Huck, S.W. (2012). Reading Statistics and Research (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson
Johnson, R. & Kuby, P. (2011). STAT 2. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning
There has been raging debate on whether or not sports projects are wise municipal investments. Experts have raised concern that although such programs may appear very attractive at face value, they end up delivering very little returns in the long-term owing to the incremental nature of the associated hidden costs. This has prompted researchers to shift from studying the benefits of community sport projects as tools of investment to analyzing how the benefits of such investment compare with the costs. The research questions below have been derived from multiple studies seeking to establish the economic impact of community sporting programs on the overall economy by comparing the real costs and benefits of the same.
RQ1: Do sporting projects help in tackling the problem of youth crimes?
In this case, we can define sports projects, the independent variable, in terms of the proportion of the budget set aside for sporting activities by a municipality, city, or state. Youth crimes, the dependent variable, on the other hand, can be defined in terms of the proportion of criminal activities in a city or state committed by persons under the age of 35. Both variables are quantitative, continuous, interval variables (Black, 2011). For instance, we can measure the budgetary allocation to sporting activities using such values as — less than 1/4 of the total budget, between 1/4 and 1/2, between 1/2 and ae, and more than ae. Moreover, we could measure the level of youth crime in terms of ‘less than 1/4 of the total criminal cases reported’, ‘between 1/4 and 1/2 of total criminal cases’ and so on.
RQ2: Do sporting activities have an impact on society’s welfare?
Engagement in sporting activities is the independent variable, and it will be defined as in RQ1 above — a quantitative, continuous, interval variable. Welfare, on the other hand, can be defined in terms of the level of security, the city’s reputation, the availability of social amenities and so on. We could, for instance, compare the reputations (in terms of security) of several cities with different levels of engagement in sporting activities, and then provide a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response based on our observations, in which case we will have measured the welfare variable as a categorical, dichotomous variable (Huck, 2010; Black, 2011).
RQ3: How does engagement in sports projects impact on drug use and abuse among the youth?
In this case, we can define ‘drug use and abuse’ (the dependent variable) in terms of the annual rates of drug use by persons under the age of 35 within a city, municipality, or state, in which case we would measure it as an i) continuous variable, given that it is possible to have a rate of 35.5%, and ii) a quasi-interval variable measured by attaching numerical value to ten data categories ranging from 0-10% to 90%-100% prevalence rate.
RQ4: How does engagement in community sports predict an individual’s overall well-being?
Engagement in community sports can be defined in terms of the amount of time a person spends taking part in sporting activities, say football, rugby, swimming, basketball, and so on; whereas social well-being can be defined in terms of how people perceive their overall mental and physical health. Responses for the ‘engagement in community sports’ variable could be given in terms of hours, whereas those for the ‘perception well-being’ variable could range from ‘very highly’ to ‘very low’. This means that the independent variable would be measured as a continuous, interval variable because the distance between any two values on the continuum is equal; whereas the dependent variable will be measured as a continuous, quasi-interval variable as the distance between any two data categories may not necessarily be equal.
RQ5: How do sporting projects increase job creation?
The independent variable (sporting projects) will be measured as outlined in RQ1 above. Job creation, the dependent variable, on the other hand, will be defined in terms of the rate of unemployment, where lower rates will be taken to represent more positive values. In this regard, the dependent variable will be measured as a quantitative, interval variable because the distance between any two rates, say 30% and 40% is exactly equal to that between 40% and 50%.
RQ6: How do sporting activities contribute to economic development?
Sporting activities, the independent variable, will be defined and measured as in RQ1 above — as a continuous, interval variable. Economic development, on the other hand, will be defined in terms of the people’s living standards, the availability of social amenities, the levels of literacy, and so on. These could be categorized as ‘very good’, ‘okay’ and ‘not very good’. We can rank the categories from the most positive, ‘very good’ to the least positive, ‘not very good,’ but we cannot attach values to the same. Hence, the dependent variable would be measured as a qualitative, ordinal variable.
RQ7: What impact do sports projects have on cities and economies in general?
The definition and measurement of the ‘sports project’ variable used in RQ1 above will be retained. However, the ‘cities and economies’ variable will be defined in terms of the city’s reputation, and its growth indicators. Indicators of growth would include the availability of social amenities, the level of poverty, peoples’ living standards, educational level, and so on. We can only assess these indicators independently and we cannot attach numerical value and rank to the same. The variable stands as a qualitative, nominal variable as there is no numerical value between the identified indicators (there is only a nominal difference).
RQ8: How valuable are sporting activities as a means of stimulating spin-off development?
Like in RQ7, the independent variable, ‘sporting activities’ will be measured as a continuous, interval variable. Spin-off development, on the other hand, will be measured as a discrete, nominal variable using such levels of measurements as businesses created by individual entrepreneurs within stadia environs and money generated by professional sports teams. Only nominal differences exist between the different levels, and neither can be ranked as being more valuable than the other.
RQ9: What effect does a city’s sporting project have on consumer spending?
Consumer spending, in this case will be defined as the proportion of one’s income that goes into the purchase of consumer goods and services. Both the independent variable (sporting projects) and the dependent variable (consumer spending) are quantitative and continuous variables because they are both proportions of a greater part of something. Moreover, both are interval variables, meaning that the distance and value between any two values would be equal if the values were to be measured on a continuum (Johnson & Kuby, 2011).
RQ10: What is the effect of sporting activities on community visibility?
Community visibility can be defined in terms of various nominal levels including the community or municipality’s reputation in regard to security, youth employment, poverty levels, and so on. As such, the community visibility variable will be measured as a qualitative, nominal variable.
References
Black, K. (2011). Business Statistics: For Contemporary Decision-Making (7th ed.). Danvers, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
Huck, S.W. (2012). Reading Statistics and Research (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson
Johnson, R. & Kuby, P. (2011). STAT 2. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning
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