Vital political, economic, and social changes in South Asia-1868-1948
The period between 1869 and 1948 marked a critical moment in various South Asian nations. The South Asian sub-continent that encompassed India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Sri Lanka was under the British colonial rule until 1947 when India and Pakistan gained independence. The period coincides with the birth of a great revolutionary Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi popularly referred to as Mahatma Gandhi, who played a critical role in the Indian revolution that led to the Independence of India. Similarly, the period is characterized by inequalities emanating from oppressive customary laws that discriminated against women and individuals from low castes. Similarly, the period was characterized by religious conflict originating from the power struggle and difference in opinion between Muslims and Hindus. Thus, the paper explores vital political, economic, and social changes that occurred in South Asia between 1869 and 1948
A critical political change that occurred during the period was the launch of the anti-British civil disobedience movement spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi. Born when the South Asian subcontinent was entirely under British rule, citizens in these colonies struggled to access basic needs while still being unable to participate in political or economic decisions. In 1920 Gandhi, a believer of non-violent civil activism, led a campaign in a bid to advocate for equal rights among Indians and British who were controlling most components of the country. A barrister by training, Mahatma Gandhi civil disobedience rhetoric primarily targeted the Rowlatt Act, which mandated political cases to be tried without juries and suspects could be sentenced without proper trial. Notwithstanding, Gandhi dissolved the movement in 1922 due to the rising violence that he feared will undermine his political ideology.
Another significant political change that occurred between 1969 and 1948 is the formation of the Muslim League that advocated for Indian-Muslim separatism.The Muslim League advocated for the separation of state based on religious background. Muhammed Ali Jimnah, who led the group from 1913, and later became the first independent president of Pakistan, argued that Muslims of Indian descent was not merely a religious group but rather a culmination of a nation. The separatist ideology adopted by the group was aimed at countering the growing influence of the Nationalist movement that primarily targeted the British. The British government preferred to work with Muslim league who had promised to promote Indian Muslim loyalty towards the colonial power. Ultimately, the group plays a critical role in the partitioning of India and Pakistan, with Pakistan hosting a majority of the Muslims while Hindus remained in India.
Similarly, the period was characterized by economic changes. Most significant was land reforms that were initiated after the British takeover. The British adopted the Zamindary and Ryotwary systems that allocated a few landlords loyal to government control over massive pieces of land. Zamindars were expected t to collect land rates and revenue and remit it to the British rule. The system favored the wealthy in society while making land unaffordable to the low economic classes. Wealthy landlords were at liberty to charge exorbitant rates provided they remit their assigned quota annually. Consequently, the adoption of these systems led to the destruction of organic village communities that primarily steered by peasant farmers wholly reliant on agriculture.
During World War II that ended in 1945, the South Asian countries experienced an economic decline as a result of oppressive policies instituted by the British in anticipation of the recession. For instance, the government formulated a food policy that dictated what rural farmers could earn for their products. This resulted in food shortages and rationing that primarily affected working-class citizens, most of whom were rural dwellers. Similarly, the commercialization of agriculture served the importers’ needs while neglecting the local farmers leading to their economic decline.
Similarly, the period experienced social changes with the critical one aimed at promoting gender equality calling for the abolition of Sati. Sati, a Hindu ancient tradition called for the woman to immolate herself after the death of his husband. The act was viewed as an act of love, courage, and loyalty. The commencement of the British rule resulted in the adoption of a law that illegalized this practice. Proponents of Sati called for its reinstatement, arguing the scriptures supported it. Nonetheless, the practice was considered a violation of women rights as most of them were force into participating in the practice regardless of their opposition. The region also experienced a change in the education system. With a view to impart western education to the locals, the British opened several universities across India that emphasized on higher education learned in English. This was aimed at replacing the traditional Pathsalas that was commonly used by the natives. With time the traditional Pathsalas withered away as more centre utilizing the British system were established.
In conclusion, South Asia experiences both positive and negative changes that played a critical role in shaping the countries they are today. Political actions such as Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent civil disobedience were critical to India’s independence. The Muslim League separatism ideology was essential to the establishment of an independent Pakistan state. The sub-continent also experienced economic changes emanating from oppressive land reforms and food policies adopted by the British colony. Notwithstanding, the British rule during this period resulted in the abolition of Sati, a practice perceived to be oppressive to women. It also enabled changes in the education system from the traditional Pathsalas to the British English curriculum.
References
Christophe, J. (2015). The Pakistan paradox: Instability and resilience. Trans: Cynthia Schoch. Oxford University Press.
Dirks, N. B. (2001). Castes of mind: Colonialism and the making of modern India. Princeton University Press.
Gilmartin, D. (1998). A magnificent gift: Muslim nationalism and the election process in colonial Punjab. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 40(3), 415-436.
Jalal, A. (1995). Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: A comparative and historical perspective (Vol. 1). Cambridge University Press.
Mani, L. (1998). Contentious traditions: The debate on sati in colonial India. Univ of California Press.
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