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Symptoms of West Nile Virus: 3
Despite the many attempts to control the spread of dangerous diseases in the world, parasitic diseases still pose a threat to humanity. Among the parasitic diseases that pose a considerable risk is those spread by vectors. Vector-borne illnesses are parasite-caused illnesses. Studies have shown that vector-borne diseases cause more death annually, especially in developing countries. Such diseases include malaria, trypanosomiasis, and West Nile Virus, among others. This paper presents West Nile Virus, a vector-borne illness that has kept on re-emerging for the last three decades and is responsible for a significant incidence and death of the human population on a global scale.
West Nile virus is part of a group called Arboviruses. Arboviruses are primarily viruses borne by arthropods. It is a Culex mosquito that spreads the disease in this case. It was first described in Uganda’s western Nile region and thus got its name. According to WHO, WNV’s first outbreak isolated in Uganda’s district of West Nile in 1937 (Patel, Sander, and Nelder 2015). It was identified at the Nile delta area in 1953 in birds such as crows & Columbiformes such as Pigeons & Doves. It was later found at Bombay, India, in 1952. When it re-emerged, the first case was reported at Kerala in 2011. Since then, there is published regularly. It can cause severe illness and horse death.
The illness spreads through the bites of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes mainly become infected after feeding on infected birds. Afterward, the virus circulates in the blood and multiplies. The infection frequently passes by mosquito bites to salivary glands, from where it is introduced into humans and animals (Chancey,Grinev, Volkova and Rios 2015). There have been no cases of transmission from human to human through casual contact to date. This means that if a person with West Nile virus is infected and has physical contact or kissing, he/she cannot transmit this disease.
Part of the West Nile virus spread is due to the spread of the species of mosquitoes, which transmits the virus among birds. If the density of the mosquito population increases or if the mosquito population spreads, then the West Nile virus may also increase and spread. Similarly, it may also affect the distribution and population density of vulnerable bird species.Immediate treatment prevents this virus’s chance of lasting damage to the central nervous system. The West Nile virus enters the body as mosquitoes bite the infected animals.
Nearly 80 percent of those diagnosed with West Nile Virus show no signs and go unreported. Approximately 20 percent of people infected produce side effects. This fluctuates in gravity and begins around 3-14 days after being bitten. Fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, rash on the body’s skin, swollen lymph glands, rare neurological conditions are the commonly known symptoms for WNV.
It’s worth noting that severe illness for WNV can occur to persons of any age. However, individuals who are 60 years and above are at high risk of contracting WNV disease. Also, individuals with specific medical conditions such as kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer are at the risk of getting the disease (Rizzo, Napoli, Venturi, Pupella, Lombardini,Calistri, Monaco, Cagarelli,Angelini, Bellini and Tamba 2016). People who have once received an organ transplant in their life are also at the risk of being infected with WNV disease. Once infected with the disease, it may take one several weeks to recover from severe illness under support care from the medical experts. Typically, one out of ten individuals who are infected with this disease develop severe illness that affects their central nervous system and may eventually die.
Ever since the outbreak of WNV, the cure for the disease has not yet been found. However, the hospital offers supportive clinical management of the illness. Patients who have severe meningeal signs usually need pain control for fever and antiemetic therapy. Also, such patients require rehydration for associated nausea and vomiting, which are the notable signs and symptoms of the disease. Patients who have encephalitis need constant monitoring to help protect their airway and keep them away from the risk of contracting the disease. Even though the CDC has not yet found a cure for the disease, various attempts are being made to develop its treatment. Several drugs have been examined while some empirically used for WNV. Nevertheless, none of them have shown any positive response up to date.
Don’t open window doors in the morning and evening times. These are the times in which mosquitoes enter into the home.
No single vaccine has been found to prevent WNV disease. Prevention of the illness, therefore, depends on community-level mosquito control programs (Petersen 2012). The personal preventive measure includes the following;
Wearing clothes that cover arms; this helps prevent the body from being bitten by an infected mosquito that carries the virus of WNV.
Apply mosquito repellent creams. Applying mosquito repellant cream assist in scaring away mosquitoes from biting you.
Cover the windows with mesh doors; Try to cover the windows with mesh doors, so that if you open the window doors also, mosquitoes cannot enter.
Cover the bed with mosquito tents. Covering the bed with mosquito tent covered with mosquito nets ensures that an infected mosquito cannot reach you.
Clearing bushes near your house, clearing forests near your home, and getting rid of any pool of water ensures that there is no breeding ground for mosquitos hence reducing the risk of being infected with the disease.
Conclusively, vector-borne diseases pose a high health risk to the human population. To stay on a safe side, people must take precautionary measures. Taking preventive measures to prevent these health problems is the best way to prevent them.
Chancey, C., Grinev, A., Volkova, E., and Rios, M., 2015. The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus. BioMed research international, 2015.
Patel, H., Sander, B., and Nelder, M.P., 2015. Long-term sequelae of West Nile virus-related illness: a systematic review. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15(8), pp.951-959.
Petersen, L.R., 2012. Treatment and prevention of West Nile virus infection. UpToDate.
Rizzo, C., Napoli, C., Venturi, G., Pupella, S., Lombardini, L., Calistri, P., Monaco, F., Cagarelli, R., Angelini, P., Bellini, R. and Tamba, M., 2016. West Nile virus transmission: results from the integrated surveillance system in Italy, 2008 to 2015. Eurosurveillance, 21(37).
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